Category Archives: Embedded Linux

The Linux community Wolrd wide contains many students who are developing the code either out of Interest or as part of their academic projects.

But most of the colleges doesn’t have the proper environment suitable for Open Source Projects (Except for top most colleges like IITs/NITs). The students in those colleges don’t get any guidance on how to start with open source projects.

That is what we are implementing in our course, “Android for Embedded Systems” where we are going to make students do some real-time projects that are based on Linux / Android open source code.We also have academic projects for B.Tech / M.Tech students that are purely based on Linux / Android open source code.

In AM335x the ROM code serves as the bootstrap loader, sometimes referred to as the Initial program Loader (IPL) or the Primary Program Loader (PPL) or ROM Program Loader (RPL).

The booting is completed in two consecutive stages by U-Boot binaries.

1. The binary for the 1st U-Boot stage is referred to as the Secondary Program Loader (SPL) or the MLO.
2. The binary for the 2nd U-Boot stage is simply referred to as U-Boot. SPL is a non-interactive loader and is a specially built version of U-Boot. It is built concurrently when building U-Boot

Memory Booting: Booting the device by starting code stored on permanent memories like flash-memory or memory cards. This process is usually performed after either device cold or warm reset.
Peripheral Booting: Booting the device by downloading the executable code over a communication interface like UART, USB or Ethernet. This process is intended for flashing a device.

Booting the SPL

The ROM code can load the SPL image from any of the following devices:

1. Memory booting with MMC
2. Peripheral booting with UART

1. Memory Booting with MMC

The image should have the Image header. The image header is of length 8 byte which has the load address (Entry point) and the size of the image to be copied. RBL would copy the image, whose size is given by the length field in the image header, from the device and loads into the internal memory address specified in the load address field of Image header.

When using memory boot a header needs to be attached to the SPL binary indicating the load address and the size of the image. SPI boot additionally requires endian conversion before flashing the image

The ROM Code supports booting from MMC / SD cards in the following conditions:

• MMC/SD Cards compliant to the Multimedia Card System Specification and Secure Digital I/O Card Specification of low and high capacities.
• MMC/SD cards connected to MMC0 or MMC1.
• Support for 3.3/1.8 V on MMC0 and MMC1.
• Initial 1-bit MMC Mode, optional 4-bit mode, if device supports it.
• Clock Frequency: identification mode: 400 KHz; data transfer mode up to 10 MHz.
• File system mode (FAT12/16/32 supported with or without Master Boot Record), image data is read from a booting file.
• Raw mode, image data read directly from sectors in the user area.
  • In raw mode the booting image can be located at one of the four consecutive locations in the main area offset 0x0 / 0x20000 (128KB) / 0x40000 (256KB) / 0x60000 (384KB).

2. Peripheral Booting with UART

RBL loads the image to the internal memory address 0x402f0400 and executes it. No Image Header present.

When using peripheral boot (UART) there can be no header as the load address is fixed.

The ROM Code supports booting from UART in the following conditions:

• UART boot uses UART0.
• UART0 is configured to run at 115200 baud, 8-bits, no parity, 1 stop bit and no flow control.
• UART boot uses x-modem client protocol to receive the boot image.
• Utilities like hyperterm, teraterm, minicom can be used on the PC side to download the boot image to the board.
• With x-modem packet size of 1K throughout is roughly about 4KBytes/Sec.
• The ROM code will ping the host 10 times in 3s to start x-modem transfer. If host does not respond, UART boot will timeout.
• Once the transfer has started, if the host does not send any packet for 3s, UART boot will time out.
• If the delay between two consecutive bytes of the same packet is more than 2ms, the host is requested to re-transmit the entire packet again.
• Error checking using the CRC-16 support in x-modem. If an error is detected, the host is requested to re-transmit the packet again.

Bootloader Images:

Image Name	Image Size	Image Header	Purpose
spl/u-boot-spl	2.2M	No	The binary of SPL ELF Image.
spl/u-boot-spl.bin	91264 Bytes	No	The second-stage bootloader (a stripped down version of u-boot that fits in SRAM).
spl/u-boot-spl.map	227K	No	contains the information for each symbol.
MLO	91784 Bytes	Yes, GP Header	spl/u-boot-spl.bin with a GP image header prepended to it.
U-boot.bin	474K	No	is the binary compiled U-Boot bootloader
u-boot.map	674K	No	contains the memory map for each symbol
U-boot.img	474K	Yes. GP header	contains u-boot.bin along with an additional header to be used by the boot ROM to determine how and where to load and execute U-Boot.

Configure & Build u-boot 2019.04 source code

1. Download u-boot source code

$ cd ~/KM_GITHUB/
$ git clone https://github.com/kernelmasters/beagleboneblack-uboot.git $ cd beagleboneblack-uboot

2. Configure u-boot source code for KM-BBB and build using the below scirpt. It takes 3 to 5 minutes.

$ km-bbb-uboot-build.sh

3. After succesfully build u-boot source code and current folder X-loader image “MLO” and “u-boot.img” generated.

u-boot.bin: is the binary compiled U-Boot bootloader.

u-boot.img: contains u-boot.bin along with an additional header to be used by the boot ROM to determine how and where to load and execute U-Boot.

Install u-boot 2019.04 source code

Using Sd card

Install MLO and u-boot.img images in to sdcard using the below script.

$ ./km-bbb-uboot-install.sh --mmc /dev/sdX

where ‘X’ indicates sd card device name. find out using dmesg command after inserting sd card.

Using Network (TFTP)

$ ./km-bbb-uboot-install.sh --board X

Where ‘x’ indicates KM-BBB board number.

Configure & Build Kernel 4.19.94 source code

1. Download kernel source code from github

$ cd ~/KM_GITHUB/
$ git clone git@github.com:kernel-masters/beagleboneblack-kernel.git
$ cd beagleboneblack-kernel

2. Configure kernel source code for KM-BBB and build using the below scirpt. It takes 3 to 5 minutes.

$ km-bbb-kernel-build.sh

3. After succesfully build kernel source code and current folder vmlinux image generated.

Install kernel source code

Using Sd card

Install vmlinuz, dtbs, modules images in to sdcard using the below script.

$ ./km-bbb-kernel-install.sh --mmc /dev/sdX

where ‘X’ indicates sd card device name. find out using dmesg command after inserting sd card.

Using Network (TFTP)

$ ./km-bbb-kernel-install.sh --board X

Where ‘x’ indicates KM-BBB board number.